Hopkins Marine Life Refuge

The first marine protected area in the Monterey Bay that was inspired by Jacques Loeb only prohibited the commercial exploit of marine invertebrates from the designated region. Unfortunately, there existed no statute in the law that prohibited individuals collecting marine life from the shoreline. This issue of overharvesting of marine animals, particularly marine invertebrates, from the shore was not taken into legislative consideration until many years later.

Norman B. Scofield, director of the California Department of Marine Fisheries Program, began advocating for the protection of marine environment located along side marine field stations as early as 1919.

BIOLOGICAL STATIONS WANT PROTECTION

N. B. SCOFIELD, Editor.

Much of our dependable information regarding marine life comes as the result of carefully planned experiments at the various biological stations along the coast. Often times marine plants or animals are taken from their native habitat and planted near the station where they can be watched and studied. Valuable experiments which have been started have sometimes been made worthless because of the removal of specimens by thought-less people. To avoid recurrences of this kind the various stations are asking for a law prohibiting the catching or removing of marine plants or animals within one mile of any marine biological station. In view of the facts as stated above such a law seems reasonable. (Scofield, N. B. (1919). Department of Fish and Game; California. Fish and Game Commission; California. Division of Fish and Game Volume: 5, 1919). ¹

^{Next one find in the "Statutes of California" for 1931}

^{CHAPTER 690

An act granting to the city of Pacific Grove the title to the water front of said city together with certain submerged lands in the bay of Monterey contiguous thereto Approved by the Governor June 9 1931 In effect August 14 1931}

^{The people of the State of California do enact as follows Grant to city of Pacific Grove

SECTION 1 The State of California does hereby cede grant and relinquish forever unto the city of Pacific Grove a municipal corporation organized and existing under the laws of said state all the right title interest and estate of said State of California of in or to all of the real estate lands and property contiguous to said city of Pacific Grove and bordering on or in the bay of Monterey and bounded and described as follows to wit}

^{Parcel 1: Beginning at the intersection of the southeasterly corporate limit line produced of said city of Pacific Grove with the mean high tide line of the bay of Monterey and running thence northwesterly along said mean high tide line to an intersection with the westerly line of Grand Avenue produced of said city thence S 80 E 2000 feet thence N 69 E to a point in the bay of Monterey where the depth of water in said bay is sixty 60 feet measured from mean low tide level thence southeasterly along a line in said bay which line shall be at a constant depth of sixty 60 feet of water measured from the mean low tide level of said bay to the intersection with said corporate limit line produced thence southwesterly along said produced line of said city limits to the place of beginning}

^{Parcel 2: Beginning at the point of intersection of the northerly property line of the lands of Mattie L McDougall with the mean high tide line of the bay of Monterey which said point bears N 19 23 45 E 665 feet and S 70 36 15 E 200 feet more or less from the southeast corner of Ocean View avenue and 17th street of the city of Pacific Grove running thence from said point N 69 E to a point in the bay of Monterey where the depth of water in said bay is sixty 60 feet measured from mean low tide level thence northwesterly along a line in said bay which line shall be at a constant depth of sixty 60 feet measured from the mean low tide level of said bay to the intersection with the westerly city limit line produced of said city of Pacific Grove thence S 19 22 W on and along said city limits line produced to the point of intersection of said city limits line produced with the mean high tide line of the bay of Monterey thence southeasterly along said mean high tide line to the point of beginning Provided however that the rights of any and all persons if any exist under any title derived from said State of California in and to any part of said property and premises hereby ceded and granted be and the same are hereby reserved from the operation of this act Provided however that except as hereinafter set forth no part of said real property shall be used employed leased or disposed of in any manner whatsoever for commercial industrial or revenue producing uses or purposes}

^{Provided however that all or any part of said real property may be used employed leased or disposed of except as hereinafter provided solely for public amusement and pleasure purposes including the use thereof for boat and yacht harbors boating and yachting swimming tanks and other like or kindred purposes}

^{SEC 2 The entire water front and lands hereby granted Use shall be held by the city of Pacific Grove and its lawful successors forever for the use and benefit of said city and shall not be subject to execution upon any judgment against said city provided however that the following described portion of the real property hereby granted to said city and hereinabove described may from time to time be let or leased for a term not exceeding twenty five years or for such less period as said city or its successors may deem to be most advantageous to said municipality to wit That portion of the above described lands lying within the following limits Beginning at the intersection of the southeasterly corporate limit line of the said city of Pacific Grove with the mean high tide line of the bay of Monterey and running thence northwesterly along said tide line five hundred feet thence leaving said tide line north sixty degrees east to an intersection with a line projected north from the point of beginning thence south to the point of beginning Any lease made at any time for a term in excess of said maximum term hereinbefore prescribed shall be wholly void provided however that not more than three hundred of said five hundred feet frontage of said water front last above described may be leased to any one lessee and provided further that any and all vessels shall have the right to dock land and discharge passengers or merchandise in at and upon any wharf or pier erected or built upon property so leased as last above described upon the payment to any such lessee or lessees of reasonable dockage and wharfage fees and charges Such fees and charges shall be regulated and prescribed in each such lease as from time to time may be determined by ordinance of said city of Pacific Grove or by statute of the State of California SEC 3 Except as in this act otherwise prescribed all valid rights of any and all persons if such exist in or to any part of said real property hereby ceded and granted to said city of Pacific Grove shall be and the same are hereby excepted and omitted from the provisions hereof}

^{SEC 4 All acts and portions of acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.}

In the summer of 1931, eleven years following his article in the Bulletin for California Fish and Game, NB Scofield introduced legislature to the California State Assembly for establishment of a marine life refuge surrounding Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station. According to Walter K. Fisher, director of the Hopkins Marine Station:

With the aid of Mr. N. B. Scofield of the State Fish and Game Commission a bill was introduced at the last meeting of the Legislature to create a marine-life refuge of the Station point and 1,000 feet seawards. The reservation created is known as the Hopkins Marine Life Refuge and is intended to conserve and protect the shore and shallow-water life which has suffered greatly from depredation during the past ten years. (Stanford University Bulletin, Fifth Series, No, 121 November 1931. Annual Report of the President of Stanford University for the Fortieth Academic Year Ending August 31, 1931.)²

The final result of researchers at the Station petitioning the State Assembly was the Hopkins Marine Life Refuge off its shores in 1931. The following paragraph presents the statute passed by the California legislature in 1931.

HOPKINS MARINE LIFE REFUGE

STATUTES 1931, CHAP.1108, PAGE 2337, APPROVED JUNE 19, 1931

(Protection of Invertebrates. and Marine Plant Life)

This act made it unlawful for any person other than certain specified classes of persons authorized so to do by the Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University, or by The Regents of the University of California, to catch or take within Hopkins Marine Life Refuge, any invertebrate or specimen of marine plant life. The Hopkins Marine Life Refuge as described in the act, consisted of the land and ocean waters from the highest tide line on the south to a distance of one thousand feet northerly from said high tide line and bounded on the east by the northerly extension of the west side of Eardley Avenue and on the west by the northerly extension of the west side of Third Street in the City of Pacific Grove.

A week later an article appeared in the Monterey Herald announcing the establishment of the marine life refuge surrounding the Hopkins Marine Station.

HOPKINS MARINE STATION REFUGE IS ESTABLISHED

Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California,

Saturday, June 27, 1931. Vol. 41. No. 158.

Notice of the establishment of a marine refuge adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove was given today in the following communication from G. E. MacGinitie, assistant to the director at the station:

A recent bill passed by the legislature and signed by Governor Rolf creates a marine refuge of the shore and waters adjacent to the Hopkins Marine Station of Pacific Grove. This law prohibits the taking within this territory of any seaweed or any animal not having a backbone. The penalty for violation of this law is $300 fine or six month in jail or both.

The Hopkins Marine Refuge is bounded on the east by the northerly extension of Eardley avenue, on the west by northerly extension of Third street, Pacific Grove, and on the north by a line 1000 feet from the high water mark. It should be noted that dragging within this area for sea-urchins from boats is unlawful.

In general the people of the peninsula and especially the sportsmen of Monterey county have been very considerate of the needs of the Hopkins Marine Station which is a part of Stanford university, and we herewith wish to express out appreciation and thanks. The refuge law was made to control persons who will take the last of anything without thought if he future or who have no respect for the advantages of education.

The new refuge will be a decided advantage to the seashore life of the peninsula as most animals such as starfish, sea-urchins, abalones and mussels when first hatched from egg swim freely in the water. Therefore the undisturbed region within the Hopkins Marine Life Refuge will serve as a nursery from where the tiny larvae may swim or be carried by currents to points all along the shore and become attached, grow up, and replace those taken for food or curious.³

THE HEWATT TRANSECT

In 1931, a graduate student at Hopkins Marine Station, Willis Hewatt began a four year study along a strip of intertidal rocks 108 yards long and a yard wide. This transect was positioned within the intertidal zone of land owned by the Station, located between the Alexander Agassiz Laboratory and the Jacques Loeb Laboratory. Hewatt’s research, which required his study site remain undisturbed, may have prompted the researches at Hopkins Marine Station to petition the State Assembly was the Hopkins Marine Life Refuge.

In January of 1932, George E. MacGinitie in his article The Salinas River Question outlined the reason for establishing the Hopkins Marine Life Refuge.

“However, our existence as a marine laboratory engaged in the promotion of marine research has been threatened for the past few years, for two reasons, first- certain peoples have been combing our shores for practically all forms of life and the resulting depletion has greatly lessened our source of material. Thanks to the last legislation and the activities of several farsighted men, we now have the shores of the station set aside as the Hopkins Marine life refuge, making it a rather serious offense to molest any life within its boundaries. Secondly, the proposed opening of the Salinas river through Elkhorn slough would destroy our collecting at that place...Elkhorn slough may not seem very rich in animal life to most, yet I have taken from a 45 inch circle 2 feet deep 969 individuals and 26 species, exclusive of any which would pass through a common window screen. During the past two years Elkhorn slough has been a source of at least half the materials used for study here...There are perhaps no people who get more keen enjoyment from any activity than do men who are engaged in scientific research. The past two years during each summer, not less than 10 people have engaged in research using one worm from Elkhorn slough. These have included such men as Professor Michaelis of Rockefeller Institute, New York, perhaps the world’s greatest physiologist. Dr. Redfield of Harvard, now head of the physiological investigations of Wood’s Hole Oceanographic Institute and editor of the Biological Bulletin. Dr. C. V. Taylor, head of the department of zoology at Stanford; Dr. Whittaker, Dr. Meste, Dr. Florkin, Dr. Gelhorn, Dr. Tyler, Professors Gilchist and Holt, and many students. The results of these researchers are written, published and read by thousands of scientific men throughout the world, an array of men obtaining wholesome enjoyment from Elkhorn slough, far out numbering the ones who would benefit by the increased fishing facilities at Salinas river.” ⁴

During the winter of 1932, a series of newspaper articles appeared in the Monterey Peninsula Herald stating that the faculty of Hopkins Marine Station had encouraged the city of Pacific Grove to extend the refuge along the shores of the community. According to the article, Walter K Fisher suggested closing the area between Hopkins Marine Station and Lovers’ Point to collection of plants and animals. As has been the purpose of the first preserve established by Jacques Loeb, one important aspect of the protection of marine invertebrates that were important for scientific research. The recently elected Mayor of Pacific Grove, Julia Platt willing embraced the idea of extending protection of the shoreline.

MARINE LIFE HELD ONE OF PENINSULA’S MAIN ASSETS

Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California,

Thursday, February 11, 1932

“Tide Pool Terror” - a gripping drama of Pacific Grove’s underworld, held a score of spectators fascinated last night at its premiere showing in the private cinema of the Hopkins Marine Station.

Beautiful heroines by the score, comedians both grotesque and ludicrous, villains of “alien” mien – all in such profusion as to put the ordinary motion picture studio’s product to shame, were filmed against the backgrounds of iridescent beauty that no Hollywood magician could ever hope to reproduce.Some idea of the “magnitude” of the “supre-super-super-etc. film,” to go to Hollywood a few “supers” better, may be suggested by the statement that a “stage” ten inches square contained 4,711 “actors,” by actual count, of which 3, 065 were isopods, 180 crabs, 168 peanut worms, 613 California mussels, 80 Trais, 613 California mussels and 263 anthropods, to mention a few of the “dramatis personae” There were 22 distict species represented in the “caste.”

Mayor’s Scientific Standing Noted

Dr. Walter K. Fisher and Prof. George E. MacGinitie were hosts at the “pre-view” to a score of Pacific Grove citizens and officials, headed by Mayor Julia B. Platt, whose eminence as a biologist lent an added significance to the occasion. Professor MacGinitie quoted Dr. Harold Heath in a brief tribute to Dr. Platt’s scientific standing. Dr. Heath’s compliment had been evoked by a treatise which Miss Platt had written 30 years before, and, the former declared, it was as valid today as when she had written it.

Preservation Urged

Dr. Fisher prefaced showing of the films with an appeal for preservation of the peninsula’s marine life, not only for the sake of science but because it is one of the distinctive local features that make the place attractive to visitors.. The pictures, animated and many in color, were taken by D. Pillsbury, noted photographer of marine life, and presented a comprehensive study of peninsula coast scenery as well as denizens of the deep.

Filipinos Worst Offenders, Claim

Filipino residents, however, were branded as the worst menace, 58 having been counted at one time pillaging the Marine station point of its wealth of sea urchins, mussels and other forms of sea life.

The Chinese, Dr. Fisher said, chiefly collect seaweed, which is produced so rapidly that its removal does not matter, but removal of sea animals in large quantities soon robs a stretch of tideland of its interesting character, for either scientist or tourist.

Improved surf fishing results from preservation of smaller sea animals, it was pointed out as an added argument for extension of the existing Hopkins marine refuge. Just how much area should be included and how drastic should be the penalty for “poaching” was the subject of considerable debate, with no conclusion reached. Mayor Platt and members of the Grove council, however, indicated their intention of making a careful study of the problem with a view of definite action. That the waterfront between the Marine station and Lovers point be closed was suggested by Dr. Fisher, who thought that some portion of the beach should be left open as a “safety valve” for local residents and visitors. The rocky section just south of Point Pinos was declared an ideal spot for breeding purposes, but there was some doubt as to the feasibility of closing it to the public.

The entire peninsula, from Pacific Grove around to Point Lobos, however, was included in the range of territory described ideally adapted for propagation of marine life, with the Del Monte Properties company credited with having maintained the happy conditions over a large portion of the coast in this region. Expert evidence of the peninsula’s importance as a source of material for scientific study was introduced when Professor MacGinitie read a passage from the zoological textbook of Dr. Horation Hackett Newmann, head of the University of Chicago’s faculty for instruction in physiology at that institution’s marine biological laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. The eastern scientist turned to the peninsula for a really impressive example of tide pool teaming with literally millions of sea animals varying from the most minute microscopic organisms to the larger types.

Taking part in the discussion regarding the problem of preservation were, in addition to Dr. Fisher and Professor MacGinitie, Miss Platt, E. Cooke Smith, W. r. Holman Councilmen F. W. Workman, William Fiddes and P. R. Brown, City Manager Erwin Dames, C. S. Olmsted, Police Chief Sam Bashline, and others.

It is planned to feature Professor Macginitie’s films in a public entertainment for the benefit of the Grove employment fund some time later this month, under auspices of the Exchange Club.⁵

The next day the following newspaper article appeared in the Monterey Peninsula Herald. According to the article, the purpose for extending the refuge was to further protect marine life from unintended ruin by visitors and locals alike.

CARUTHERS BACKS EFFORT TO DEFEND COASTAL DENIZENS

Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California,

Friday, February 12, 1932

Mayor Julia B. Platt of Pacific Grove has been assured of all possible support from Supervisor A. A. Caruthers in the city’s fight to protect marine life from depreciations of vandals and unintentional destruction by visitors and local residents alike.

Caruthers told Mayor Platt that he has already made arrangements with leaders of the local Sportsmen’s club with a special meeting at which Professor G. E. MacGinitie of Hopkins Marine station will be asked to display motion pictures of the marine life, and at which also, it is hoped, representative of the state fish and game commission and Stanford university may be present.

The main purpose of the plan, he said, is to awaken public interest to the value of the peninsula’s marine life and to enlist the backing of sportsmen and other organized groups behind the move for its preservation. Aroused public sentiment, he pointed out, will be a sound basis on which to urge state action through the fish and game commission.

Discuss Tentative Plans

Establishment of a marine life refuge embracing the entire Pacific Grove waterfront, together with a key portion of Pt. Pinos and possibly some of the 17 mile drive and Carmel beach and point areas, but with certain sections in which enforcement of the regulations might be relaxed to permit full enjoyment of sea plants and animals by visitors and others, was suggested as probable objective of the present drive.

Caruthers said that use of the American Legion hall in Monterey had been obtained for the discussion, although it was intimated that larger quarters might be secured if the meeting could be conducted on a more general basis.

He said it was possible that his plans might be united with those of the Exchange club, which is endeavoring to have Professor MacGinitie’s films featured at a public meeting late this month, with a silver offering to augment the Grove employment fund.

Grove World Famous

Caruthers and Mayor Platt agreed that state action would be necessary for effectual protection of the marine life here and Miss Platt indicated that she would use her influence to get the city administration, as well as the public at large, behind a concerted move to that end.

Pacific Grove city council, she added, will probably pass a resolution at its next meeting asking such actions by the state.

“While I was in Munich, Germany, studying biology – long before I ever had the slightest intention of coming here,” Miss Platt observed, “I heard of Pacific Grove as one of the world’s best sources of sea life material. If our marine life is celebrated as that, we ought, by all means, do everything in our power to protect and preserve it!” . ⁶

Several days later, another announcement appeared in the Monterey Peninsula Herald stating Professor G. E. MacGinitie of Hopkins Marine station was to present a film and lecture to the general public.

PLANS COMPLETED FOR CLUB BENEFIT

Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California,

Monday, February 15, 1932 Vol. 42. No. 39

With motion pictures of the peninsula’s marine life and Fenton Foster’s glee club as the feature attractions, plans were rapidly nearly completion today for a community benefit entertainment which the Exchange club will conduct Wednesday night, February 24, at Pacific Grove high school auditorium. Professor G. E. MacGinitie of Hopkins Marine station will exhibit the marine life films, with an explanatory lecture of the significance of marine plants and animals as a peninsula asset.

Foster’s glee club will sing several numbers and Fenton Foster, director, will present a solo dancer in a specialty number, it was announced today.

It was also indicated that a speaker of statewide prominence might also be procured to give a short talk along the line of Professor MacGinitie’s discussion to stimulate interest in preservation of local marine life.

Entire proceeds of the affair will be used to carry on the work of the Pacific Grove Relief association in providing work for unemployed men. ⁷

The next day an announcement appeared in the Monterey Peninsula Herald describing Professor MacGinitie’s public lecture.

MARINE LIFE IS EXCHANGE CLUB’S SPEAKER’S TOPIC

Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Tuesday, February 16, 1932

Vol. 42. No. 40

Conservation of marine life was urged by Prof. G. E. MacGinitie of Hopkins Marine station in a talk before members of the Exchange club at their Hotel Forest luncheon today.

Presence of “sea soup” accounts for Monterey bay having the largest and most important supply of marine life, he said. This sea soup, on which the animal life feeds, is continuously supplied in huge quantities by upheaval of the waters of the bay, Professor MacGinitie declared.

No other body of water in the world has such an inexhaustible supply, he said. He warned against desecration of tide pools, pointing out that some species of marine life already had been depleted to the point of extinction. The professor spoke on a program arranged by Anthony Brazil.

Films of marine life will be shown by Professor MacGinitie at the Pacific Grove high school auditorium a week from tomorrow night in connection with the Exchange’s unemployment. ⁸

A few days later an article appeared in the Monterey Peninsula Herald stating that Pacific Grove Councilman F. W. Workman was receiving input from Professor MacGinitie about extending the marine life refuge.

ROUTINE MATTERS ROUND OUT GROVE COUNCIL SESSION

Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California,

Friday, February 19, 1932

Discuss Marine Life Refuge

Councilman F. W. Workman, who was appointed to investigate the matter of preserving marine life along the Grove beaches from vandalism, reported that he had conferred with Professor G. E. MacGinitie of Hopkins Marine laboratory on the subject.

MacGinitie advised, Workman stated, that the game preserve around “China Point” be extended to include the entire peninsula and that enforcement of law in the area be a fish and game commission responsibility as that commission’s authority would probably be more respected than local authority. The sentiment of the meeting was that Workman and MacGinitie proceed with their investigation as to the possibility of the plan.⁹

The next day an announcement appeared in the Monterey Peninsula Herald stating that Professor MacGinitie was to present a lecture to the Monterey Peninsula League of Women Voters.

PROFESSOR MACGINITIE TO ADDRESS WOMEN VOTERS

Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California,

Saturday, February 20, 1932

Vol. 42. No. 44

The Monterey Peninsula League of Women Voters feels particularly honored that Professor George S. MacGinitie of Hopkins Marine Station has consented to present to the league’s membership a talk on “Marine Life on the Monterey Coast,” which he will accompany with lantern slides.

Professor MacGinitie will speak before the Women Voters next Wednesday afternoon at 2:30 pm at Hopkins station in Pacific Grove. Adding much to the interest of the occasion is the fact that the museum at the station will be open for inspection at the time.

Professor MacGinitie is giving the talk in the hope of securing interest in legislation to protect marine life on the coast. Members of the League of Women Voters are urged to invite guests to this open meeting. ¹⁰

A few days later the following announcement appeared in the Monterey Public Herald stating that Professor MacGinitie was to present a talk to the Monterey Peninsula Sportsmen’s Conservation club.

SPORTSMEN TO HEAR TALK ON MARINE LIFE

PLANS COMPLETED FOR CLUB BENEFIT

Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California,

Thursday, March 3, 1932, Page 4

Professor G. E. MacGinitie of the Hopkins Marine Laboratory will present an illustrated lecture on Monterey bay marine life as a feature of this evening’s meeting of the Monterey Peninsula Sportsmens Conservation club. The meeting starts at 8 p.m. in the American Legion clubrooms, Alvarado street, Monterey. MacGinitie will tell of the proposed marine life sanctuary along the Pacific Grove coast.

Other matters of importance are also scheduled for the meeting. All interested persons, whether members of the sportsmens club or not, are invited to attend the meeting. ¹¹

A few days later the following article appeared in the Monterey Public Herald describing Professor MacGinitie’s presentation to the sportsmen club.

Dr. M’Ginitie Tells of Marine Refuge

Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California,

Saturday, March 5, 1932, Page 3

Plans for a proposed marine refuge along the Pacific Grove shore were discussed at a meeting of the Sportsmen’s Conservation club Thursday night by Dr. G.E. MacGinitie. Dr. MacGinitie’s talk was illustrated by a number of pictures of the Grove beach and the marine life found there.

Following his address, a committee was appointed to thoroughly investigate the plan and to report back at the next meeting when the marine refuge will probably be endorsed by the sportsmen. Member of the committee are Ira Deacon, chairman, A. A. Caruthers, O. Philbrick, H. E. Davis, R. C. Colburn and Dr. G. E. MacGinitie.¹²

Several weeks later the following article appeared in the Monterey Public Herald announcing Pacific Grove’s intention to establish a sanctuary for marine life along its shores.

GROVE TO CREATE SANCTUARY FOR SEA CREATURES

Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Friday, March 18, 1932

Vol. 42. No. 67 Page 1

Pacific Grove’s beach from Third street to the northerly limits of the Lighthouse reservation is to be a marine life sanctuary.

After hearing a communication from the Monterey Peninsula Sportmen’s club urging that an ordinance be enacted to prevent destruction of marine plants and animals along this stretch of shoreline the Pacific Grove city council last night instructed City Attorney Argyll Campbell to prepare an ordinance protecting the area. The city ordinance may later be reinforced by state law to be introduced at the next session of the legislature, creating a marine life refuge along the Grove waterfront.

Provisions of the city ordinance will be enforced by the police department. Should the area be made a state sanctuary fish and game officials will patrol it.

Councilman Fred Workman suggested that Campbell use the provisions of a state law designation a marine refuge in the immediate vicinity of the Hopkins Marine laboratory as a guide to preparing the ordinance.

Harold E. Davis, president, signed the recommendation for actions presented by the Sportsmen’s club. A committee composed of A. W. Baum, Ira Deskin, Orben Philbrick, George MacGinitie, R. O. Colburn, F. S. Miller and Davis supported the action following an investigation.

Action by the city council and sportsmen was based on the belief that indiscriminate gathering of shellfish and marine plants along the waterfront was a serious menace to the world famous Grove marine gardens and to the beauty of the waterfront.

Hook and line fishing, either by shore or from boats, was to be expressly excepted from activities which might be construed as violations of the ordinance, the sportsmen requested.

Action by the city council will culminate a campaign of several months by interested people, particularly the faculty of Hopkins Marine laboratory, for protection for marine life along the waterfront.¹³

The Pacific Grove Marine Gardens Fish Refuge established in 1932

On April 22, 1932, the Pacific Grove City Council issued final approval for an ordinance creating a marine life refuge on the entire city waterfront and the submerged lands out to a depth of sixty feet. The law stated that "the entire waterfront from Third Street to the Point Pinos lighthouse reservation is established as a refuge for protection of invertebrate marine life (Pacific Grove Tribune April 22, 1932).

The creation of the Hopkins Marine Life Refuge and The Pacific Grove Marine Gardens Fish Refuge in 1932 effectively replaced the original Marine Preserve established in 1907, which had been created at the encouragement of Jacques Loeb. One major legislative caveat that was different from the Act 1742 of 1907 was the restriction of collecting of marine invertebrates by the general public as well as the commercial fishing industry. Hook and line fishing was allowed to continue.

REFERENCES

1. Scofield, N. B. (1919). Biological Stations Want Protection. Department of Fish and Game; California. Fish and Game Commission; California. Division of Fish and Game Volume: 5, 1919.

2. Stanford University Bulletin, Fifth Series, No, 121 November 1931. Annual Report of the President of Stanford University for the Fortieth Academic Year Ending August 31, 1931

3. Hopkins Marine Station Refuge Is Established. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Saturday, June 27, 1931. Vol. 41. No. 158.

4. MacGinitie, G. E. (1931) Suits to Block Reopening of River Channel in Court. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Thursday December 17, 1931 and January 1932 National Canners Association, Washington, D. C.

5. Marine Life Held One Of Peninsula’s Main Assets. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Thursday, February 11, 1932.

6. Caruthers Backs Effort To Defend Coastal Denizens. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Friday, February 12, 1932.

7. Plans Completed For Club Benefit. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Monday, February 15, 1932 Vol. 42. No. 39.

8. Marine Life Is Exchange Club’s Speaker’s Topic. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Tuesday, February 16, 1932 Vol. 42. No. 40

9. Routine Matters Round Out Grove Council Session. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Friday, February 19, 1932.

10. Professor Macginitie To Address Women Voters. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Saturday, February 20, 1932. Vol. 42. No. 44

11. Sportsmen To Hear Talk On Marine Life Plans Completed For Club Benefit. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Thursday, March 3, 1932. Page 4.

12. Dr. M’Ginitie Tells of Marine Refuge. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Saturday, March 5, 1932, Page 3.

13. Grove To Create Sanctuary For Sea Creatures. Monterey Peninsula Herald, Monterey, California, Friday, March 18, 1932. Vol. 42. No. 67. Page 1.